Xem mã nguồn của Bộ Tuế

{{Bảng phân loại
| name = '''Cycadales'''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Permian|0|earliest=Late Carboniferous|[[Early Permian]]&ndash;Recent}}
| image = Cycas circinalis.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption = ''[[Cycas rumphii]]'' 
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Cycadophyta]]
| divisio_authority = [[Charles Edwin Bessey|Bessey]] 1907: 321.<ref name="Bessey 1907">{{chú thích tạp chí | last=Bessey | first=C.E. | year=1907 | title=A synopsis of plant phyla | journal=Nebraska Univ. Stud. | volume=7 | pages=275–373 }}</ref>
| classis = ''[[Cycadopsida]]''
| classis_authority = [[Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart|Brongn.]]<ref name="Brongniart 1843">{{chú thích sách | last=Brongniart | first=A. | year=1843 | title=Énumération des genres de plantes cultivées au Musée d'histoire naturelle de Paris }}</ref>
| ordo = '''Cycadales'''
| ordo_authority = Pers. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
| range_map = Cycads world distribution.png
}}

'''Bộ Tuế''', tên khoa học '''''Cycadales''''', là một bộ [[thực vật có hạt]] đặc trưng bởi thân gỗ mập mạp với lá cứng thường xanh tạo thành một tán lớn. Chúng thường có lá dạng lông chim.

==Phân loại==
[[Tập tin:Cycad cone.jpg|right|thumb|Leaves and cone of ''[[Encephalartos sclavoi]]'']]
Có khoảng 306 loài trong bộ Tuế, với khoảng 10&ndash;12&nbsp; chi.<ref>{{chú thích tạp chí |author=Stevenson, D. |year=1992 |title=A formal classification of the extant cycads |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brittonia_april-june-1992_44_2/page/220 |journal=Brittonia |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=220–223 |doi=10.2307/2806837}}</ref>

;Phân bộ ''[[Cycadineae]]''
:Họ [[Cycadaceae]]
::Phân họ ''[[Cycadoideae]]''
:::::''[[Cycas]]'': Chi Tuế, với khoảng 105 loài
;Phân bộ ''[[Zamiineae]]''
:Họ [[Stangeriaceae]]
::Phân họ Stangerioideae
:::::''[[Stangeria]]''. Chỉ có duy nhất một loài ''[[Stangeria|S. eriopus]]'' (Kunze) Baillon
::Phân họ Bowenioideae
:::::''[[Bowenia]]''. Có 2 loài được ghi nhận tại [[Queensland]], Australia
:Họ [[Zamiaceae]]
::Phân họ Encephalartoideae
:::Tông Diooeae
:::::''[[Dioon]]''. 13 loài ghi nhận ở Mexico và Trung Mỹ
:::Tông Encephalarteae
::::Phân tông Encephalartinae
:::::''[[Encephalartos]]''. Khoảng 66&nbsp; loài
::::Phân tông Macrozamiinae
:::::''[[Macrozamia]]''. khoảng 41&nbsp; loài
:::::''[[Lepidozamia]]''. 2 loài
::Phân họ Zamioideae
:::Tông Ceratozamieae
:::::''[[Ceratozamia]]''. 26 loài
:::Tông Zamieae
::::Phân tông Microcycadinae
:::::''[[Microcycas]]''. 1 loài ở [[Cuba]]: ''[[Microcycas|M. calocoma]]'' (Miquel) A. DC.
::::Phân tông Zamiinae
:::::''[[Chigua]]''. 2 loài
:::::''[[Zamia]]''. khoảng 65 &nbsp; loài

==Chú thích==
{{Tham khảo|30em}}

==Tham khảo==
* Chamberlain, C.J. (1965) [1919] ''The Living Cycads'', 1st ed. reprinted, New York: Hafner, 172 p., LCCN 65-027079
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Chaw | first1 = S.-M. | last2 = Parkinson | first2 = C.L. | last3 = Cheng | first3 = Y. | last4 = Vincent | first4 = T.M. | last5 = Palmer | first5 = J.D. | year = 2000 | title = Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifer | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/97/8/4086.full.pdf+html | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 97 | issue = 8 | pages = 4086–4091 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4086 | pmid = 10760277 | pmc = 18157 | access-date = 2016-01-14 | archive-date = 2012-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120520135925/http://www.pnas.org/content/97/8/4086.full.pdf+html }}
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Chaw | first1 = S.-M. | last2 = Walters | first2 = T.W. | last3 = Chang | first3 = C.-C. | last4 = Hu | first4 = S.-H. | last5 = Chen | first5 = S.-H. | year = 2005 | title = A phylogeny of cycads (Cycadales) inferred from chloroplast ''matK'' gene, ''trnK'' intron, and nuclear rDNA ITS region | url =https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2005_37_1/page/214| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 37 | issue = 1| pages = 214–234 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.006 }}
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Chaw | first1 = S.-M. | last2 = Zharkikh | first2 = A. | last3 = Sung | first3 = H.-M. | last4 = Luu | first4 = T.-C. | last5 = Li | first5 = W.-H. | year = 1997 | title = Molecular phylogeny of extant gymnosperms and seed plant evolution: Analysis of nuclear 18s rRNA sequences | url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/14/1/56| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 56–68 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025702 | pmid=9000754}}
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Crepet | first1 = W.L. | year = 2000 | title = Progress in understanding angiosperm history, success, and relationships: Darwin's abominably 'perplexing phenomenon' | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/97/24/12939 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 97 | issue = 24 | pages = 12939–12941 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.97.24.12939 | pmid = 11087846 | pmc = 34068 | access-date = 2016-01-14 | archive-date = 2007-11-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071103041106/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/97/24/12939 }}
* De Luca, Paulo (1990) "A Historical Perspective on Cycads from Antiquity to the Present", In: Stevenson, D. (Ed.) ''The Biology, Structure, and Systematics of the Cycadales'', Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, '''57''', p.&nbsp;1-7, ISBN 0-89327-350-3
* Donaldson, J.S. (2003) "Chapter 3: Regional Overview: Africa", In: Donaldson, J.S. (ed.), ''[http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2003-010.pdf Cycads. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506032909/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2003-010.pdf |date=2013-05-06 }}'', IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group, Gland; Cambridge: UKIUCN, ISBN 2-8317-0699-8, p.&nbsp;9-19
* Donaldson, J. (2004) "Saving ghosts? The implications of taxonomic uncertainty and shifting infrageneric concepts in the cycadales for red listing and conservation planning", In: Walters,T. & Osborne, R. (eds), ''Cycad Classification: Concepts and Recommendations'', Wallingford, UK: CABI, ISBN 0-85199-741-4, p.&nbsp;13-22.
* Donaldson, J., Hill, K.D., & Stevenson, D.W. (2003a) "Chapter 2: Cycads of the World: An Overview", In: Donaldson, J.S. (ed.), ''[http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2003-010.pdf Cycads. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506032909/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2003-010.pdf |date=2013-05-06 }}'', IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group, Gland; Cambridge: UKIUCN, ISBN 2-8317-0699-8, p.&nbsp;3-8
* Donaldson, J.S., Dehgan, A.P., Vovides, A.P., & Tang, W. (2003b) "Chapter 7: Cycads in trade and sustainable use of cycad populations", In: Donaldson, J.S. (ed.), ''[http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2003-010.pdf Cycads. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506032909/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2003-010.pdf |date=2013-05-06 }}'', IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group, Gland; Cambridge: UKIUCN, ISBN 2-8317-0699-8, p.&nbsp;39-47
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Golding | first1 = J.S. | last2 = Hurter | first2 = P.J.H. | year = 2003 | title = A Red List account of Africa's cycads and implications of considering life-history and threats | url = | journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | volume = 12 | issue = 3| pages = 507–528 | doi = 10.1023/A:1022472801638 }}
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Gonzàlez-Astorga | first1 = J. | last2 = Vovides | first2 = A.P. | last3 = Ferrer | first3 = M.M. | last4 = Iglesias | first4 = C. | year = 2003a | title = Population genetics of ''Dioon edule'' Lindl. (Zamiaceae, Cycadales): biogeographical and evolutionary implications | url = | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 80 | issue = 3| pages = 457–467 | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00257.x }}
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Gonzàlez-Astorga | first1 = J. | last2 = Vovides | first2 = A.P. | last3 = Iglesias | first3 = C. | year = 2003b | title = Morphological and geographic variation in ''Dioon edule'' Lindl. (Zamiaceae): ecological and evolutionary implications | url = | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 141 | issue = 4| pages = 465–470 | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00155.x }}
* Gregory, T.J. & Chemnick, J. (2004) Hypotheses of the relationship between biogeography and speciation in ''Dioon'' (Zamiaceae). In: Walters,T. & Osborne, R. (eds), ''Cycad Classification: Concepts and Recommendations'', Wallingford, UK: CABI, ISBN 0-85199-741-4, p.&nbsp;137-148.
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Hermsen | first1 = E. | last2 = Taylor | first2 = E. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = T. | last4 = Stevenson | first4 = D. | year = 2006 | title = Cataphylls of the middle Triassic cycad Antarcticycas schopfii and new insights into cycad evolution | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 724–738| page = 2006 }}
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Hill | first1 = C.R. | year = 1990 | title = Ultrastructure of in situ fossil cycad pollen from the English Jurassic, with a description of the male cone ''Androstrobus balmei'' sp. nov | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-palaeobotany-and-palynology_1990-10-30_65_1-4/page/n183| journal = Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume = 65 | issue = 1-4| pages = 165–193 | doi = 10.1016/0034-6667(90)90067-S }}
* Hill, K.D. (2003) "Chapter 4: Regional Overview: Australia", In: Donaldson, J.S. (ed.), ''[http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2003-010.pdf Cycads. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506032909/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2003-010.pdf |date=2013-05-06 }}'', IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group, Gland; Cambridge: UKIUCN, ISBN 2-8317-0699-8, p.&nbsp;20-24
* Hill, K.D. (2004) "Character evolution, species recognition and classification concepts in the cycadaceae", In: Walters,T. & Osborne, R. (eds), ''Cycad Classification: Concepts and Recommendations'', Wallingford, UK: CABI, ISBN 0-85199-741-4, p.&nbsp;23-44. CABI, Oxford.
* Hill, K. & Stevenson, D. 1998–nay. The Cycad Pages. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329095733/https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/ |date = ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2021}}
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Hill | first1 = K.D. | last2 = Stevenson | first2 = D.W. | last3 = Obsorne | first3 = R. | year = 2004 | title = The World List of Cycads | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_april-june-2004_70_2/page/274| journal = Botanical Review | volume = 70 | issue = 2| pages = 274–298 | doi = 10.1663/0006-8101(2004)070[0274:TWLOC]2.0.CO;2 }}
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Hopkins | first1 = DJ | last2 = Johnson | first2 = KR | year =  | title = First record of cycad leaves from the Eocene Republic flora | url = http://www.nwpaleo.org/Resources/WA_Geology/WA_Geol_1997-CycadLeaves.html | journal = Washington Geology | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | page = 37 | access-date = ngày 14 tháng 1 năm 2016 | archive-date = ngày 20 tháng 1 năm 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160120234106/http://www.nwpaleo.org/Resources/WA_Geology/WA_Geol_1997-CycadLeaves.html | url-status=dead }}
* Jones, David L. (1993) ''Cycads of the World'', Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, ISBN 1-56098-220-9. 2nd ed. republished (2002) as: ''Cycads of the World: ancient plants in today's landscape'', Sydney: Reed New Holland, ISBN 1-876334-69-X
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Keppel | first1 = G. | last2 = Lee | first2 = S.W. | last3 = Hodgskiss | first3 = P.D. | year = 2002 | title = Evidence for Long Isolation Among Populations of a Pacific Cycad: Genetic Diversity and Differentiation in ''Cycas seemannii'' A.Br. (Cycadaceae) | url = http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/93/2/133| journal = Journal of Heredity | volume = 93 | issue = 2| pages = 133–139 | doi = 10.1093/jhered/93.2.133 }}
* Norstog, K.J. & Nicholls, T.J. (1998) ''Biology of Cycads'', Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-3033-X
* {{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Stevenson | first1 = D | year = 1992 | title = A formal classification of the extant cycads | url = | journal = Brittonia | volume = 44 | issue = | pages = 220–223 | doi=10.2307/2806837}}
* Stevenson, D., K. Norstog, & P. Fawcett. 1998. Pollination biology of cycads. In: Reproductive Biology: In systematics, conservation, and economic botany. Eds. S. Owens & P. Rudall. pp.&nbsp;277–294. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
* Walters, T., Osborne, R., & Decker, D. (2004) "[http://www.cabi.org/pdf/books/9780851997414/9780851997414.pdf#1 We hold these truths…] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225191554/http://www.cabi.org/pdf/books/9780851997414/9780851997414.pdf#1 |date = ngày 25 tháng 2 năm 2009}}", In: Walters,T. & Osborne, R. (eds), ''Cycad Classification: Concepts and Recommendations'', Wallingford, UK: CABI, ISBN 0-85199-741-4, p.&nbsp;1-11
* Whitelock, L.M. (2002) ''The Cycads'', Portland, OR: Timber Press, ISBN 0-88192-522-5

==Liên kết ngoài==
{{thể loại Commons|Cycadales}}
{{wikispecies|Cycadales}}
* [http://palm-trees.org/ Palm Trees, Small Palms, Cycads, Bromeliads and tropical plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203151338/http://palm-trees.org/ |date = ngày 3 tháng 12 năm 2016}} site with thousands of large, high quality photos of cycads and associated flora. Includes information on habitat and cultivation.
*Hill KD (1998–2004) The Cycad Pages, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329132148/https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/index.html |date=2021-03-29 }}
* [http://www.conifers.org/zz/Cycadales.php Gymnosperm Database: Cycads]
* [http://www.fairchildgarden.org/horticulture/n_collections.html Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden- one of the largest collection of cycads in the world in Florida, U.S.A.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223092247/http://www.fairchildgarden.org/horticulture/n_collections.html |date = ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2015}}
* [http://www.pacsoa.org.au/ Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia (PACSOA)]
* [http://cycadsociety.org The Cycad Society of South Africa]
* [http://academic.reed.edu/biology/Nitrogen/Nfix1.html Cycad nitrogen fixation]
* [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/toxic.html Cycad toxicity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708225732/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/toxic.html |date = ngày 8 tháng 7 năm 2013}}
* [http://www.kpr.sk/flora/cycads/ Cycads - Foto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084643/http://www.kpr.sk/flora/cycads/ |date = ngày 27 tháng 9 năm 2007}}
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/magazine/28CYCADS.html?8hpib=&pagewanted=print ''The Cult of the Cycads''], [[New York Times]] Magazine article on cycad collectorship and cycad smuggling
* [http://www.equisetites.de/palbot/taxa/cycads.html Cycads] An annotated link directory

[[Thể loại:Bộ Tuế| ]]
[[Thể loại:Lớp Tuế|C]]