Xem mã nguồn của Ngũ hình

'''Ngũ hình''' ({{zh|c=五刑|p=wǔ xíng|cy=ńgh yìhng}}) là tên dùng để chỉ các hình thức [[trừng phạt thân thể]] được hệ thống pháp luật của các [[triều đại trong lịch sử Trung Quốc]] quy định.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Ivan|last=Chen|title=The Book of Filial Duty|chapter=Chapter XI|year=1908}}</ref> Trước thời [[Hán Văn đế]] (180–157 TCN), ngũ hình gồm xăm hình, cắt mũi, chặt một hoặc cả hai chân, [[thiến]], và [[tử hình]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Zhengyuan|last=Fu|title=Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics|url=https://archive.org/details/autocratictradit0000fuzh|year=1993|chapter=Law as punishment|page=[https://archive.org/details/autocratictradit0000fuzh/page/108 109]|isbn=0-521-44228-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ctext.org/shang-shu/marquis-of-lu-on-punishments/ens|title=Marquis of Lu on Punishments (吕刑)|access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> Sau thời [[nhà Tùy]] và [[nhà Đường]] (581–907), ngũ hình được chuyển thành lao động khổ sai, [[lưu vong]], tử hình, hoặc các hình thức trừng phạt thân thể như quất roi. 

== Lịch sử ==
Trong thời kỳ Trung Quốc cổ đại, bên cạnh hình phạt tử hình, các hình thức khác của ngũ hình ban đầu bao gồm các hình thức trừng phạt thân thể để lại dấu hiệu vĩnh viễn trên cơ thể họ.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYhgf_Y90soC&q=gong+castration&pg=PA176|title=The conscience of humankind: literature and traumatic experiences|author=International Comparative Literature Association. Congress, Elrud Ibsch, Douwe Wessel Fokkema|year=2000|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-420-0420-7|page=176|access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ8sAAAAMAAJ&q=gongxing+castration+ordinary+people|title=Daily report: People's Republic of China, Issues 223-232|author=United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service|year=1979|publisher=Distributed by National Technical Information Servicei|page=78|access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref> Các hình phạt được coi là một phần của ngũ hình thường bao gồm:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDo3xBcsX-UC&q=kung+hsing+castration&pg=PA69|title=The grand scribe's records, Volume 1|author1=Qian Sima |author2=William H. Nienhauser |year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34021-7|page=69|access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref>
* ''Mặc'' ({{Zh|t=墨|labels=no}}) hay ''kình'' ({{Zh|t=黥|labels=no}}) là hình thức khắc chữ và bôi mực lên mặt.
* ''Nhị'' ({{Zh|t=劓|labels=no}}) là hình thức cắt mũi người bị xử phạt.
* ''Ngoạt'' ({{Zh|t=刖|labels=no}}) hay ''tẫn'' ({{Zh|t=臏|labels=no}}) trong thời [[nhà Hạ]] và ''trảm chỉ'' ({{Zh|t=斬趾|labels=no}}) thời [[nhà Tần]] là hình thức chặt một hoặc cả hai bàn chân. Một số nguồn cho rằng hình phạt này bao gồm cả việc tháo khớp gối, và được coi là nguồn gốc cho tên của [[Tôn Tẫn]], một quân sư nổi tiếng thời [[Chiến Quốc]]. Một nghiên cứu năm 1999 cho thấy một phụ nữ thời cổ đại cũng đã phải chịu hình thức ''ngoạt''.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Metcalfe |first=Tom |date=2022-05-23 |title=Ancient Chinese woman faced brutal 'yue' punishment, had foot cut off, skeleton reveals |url=https://www.livescience.com/ancient-china-woman-foot-amputation |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Cung'' ({{Zh|t=宮|labels=no}}) hay ''dâm hình'' ({{Zh|t=淫刑|labels=no}}), ''hủ hình'' ({{Zh|t=腐刑|labels=no}})<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyHpGZFxj-4C&q=fuxing+castration&pg=PA116|title=Modern Chinese II: Reading and Writing|author1=Garant Uitgevers N.V. |author2=J.C.P. Liang |author3=A.S. Keijser |year=2003|publisher=Garant|isbn=90-5350-714-0|page=116|access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=[[An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896–1937]] |author=Zhen Zhang|year=2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-98238-6|page=335}}</ref> hay ''tằm thất hình'' ({{Zh|t=蠶室刑|labels=no}}) là hình phạt [[thiến]] phạm nhân nam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx8VAAAAIAAJ&q=kung+hsing+castration&pg=PA127|title=remnants of han law|author=A.F.P. HULSEWE|year=1955|publisher=Brill Archive|page=127|access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSGrAAAAIAAJ&q=kung+hsing+castration&pg=PA366|title=Dictionary of Chinese law and government, Chinese-English|author=Philip R. Bilancia|year=1981|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-0864-9|page=366|access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref> 
* ''Đại tích'' ({{Zh|t=大辟|labels=no}}) là hình phạt tử hình thông qua các hình thức như phanh thây (''phân vi lục'', {{Zh|t=分為戮|p=fēn wéi lù|labels=no}}), nấu trong vạc (''phanh'', {{Zh|t=烹|p=pēng|labels=no}}), [[ngũ mã phanh thây]] (''xa liệt'', {{Zh|t=車裂|p=chēliè|labels=no}}), chém bêu đầu (''kiêu thủ'', {{Zh|t=梟首|p=xiāoshǒu|labels=no}}), tử hình vứt xác (''khí thị'', {{Zh|t=棄市|p=qìshì|labels=no}}); thắt cổ (''giảo'', {{Zh|t=絞|p=jiǎo|labels=no}}), hay [[lăng trì]] ({{Zh|t=凌遲|labels=no}}). 

{{đang dịch}}
During the [[Western Han dynasty]], tattooing and amputation were abolished as punishments and in subsequent dynasties, the five punishments underwent further modification. By the [[Sui dynasty]], the five punishments had attained the basic form they would have until the end of the imperial era. This is a brief survey of the five punishments during the [[Qing dynasty]]:<ref>Bodde, Derk, and Clarence Morris, Law in Imperial China: Exemplified by 190 Ch'ing Dynasty Cases (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 76-77.</ref>
* ''Chī'' ({{Zh|t=笞|labels=no}}), [[caning|beating on the buttocks with a light bamboo cane]]. During the [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1911), bamboo clappers were used instead. There were five degrees of ''chī'':<ref name=DaMingLu>{{Cite book|first=Jiang (translator)|last=Yonglin|title=Da Ming Lu (大明律) (1397)|year=2005}}</ref>
** 10 lashes (remitted on payment of 600 ''wén'' ({{Zh|t=文|labels=no}}) in [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|copper cash]])
** 20 lashes (remitted on payment of 1 ''guàn'' ({{Zh|t=貫|labels=no}}) and 200 ''wén'' in copper cash. 1 guàn equals 1000 wén)
** 30 lashes (remitted on payment of 1 ''guàn'' and 800 ''wén'' in copper cash)
** 40 lashes (remitted on payment of 2 ''guàn'' and 400 ''wén'' in copper cash)
** 50 lashes (remitted on payment of 3 ''guàn'' in copper cash)
*''Zhàng'' ({{Zh|t=杖|labels=no}}), beating with a large stick on either the back, buttocks or legs. The five degrees of ''zhàng'' were:<ref name=DaMingLu />
** 60 strokes (remitted on payment of 3 ''guàn'' and 600 ''wén'' in copper cash)
** 70 strokes (remitted on payment of 4 ''guàn'' and 200 ''wén'' in copper cash)
** 80 strokes (remitted on payment of 4 ''guàn'' and 800 ''wén'' in copper cash)
** 90 strokes (remitted on payment of 5 ''guàn'' and 400 ''wén'' in copper cash)
** 100 strokes (remitted on payment of 6 ''guàn'' of copper cash)
* ''Tú'' ({{Zh|t=徒|labels=no}}), compulsory [[Penal labour|penal servitude]] with five degrees of severity:<ref name=DaMingLu />
** One year of penal servitude plus 60 strokes of the large stick (remitted on payment of 12 ''guàn'' in copper cash)
** One and a half years of penal servitude plus 70 strokes of the large stick (remitted on payment of 15 ''guàn'' in copper cash)
** Two years of penal servitude plus 80 strokes of the large stick (remitted on payment of 18 ''guàn'' in copper cash)
** Two and a half years of penal servitude plus 90 strokes of the large stick (remitted on payment of 21 ''guàn'' in copper cash)
** Three years of penal servitude plus 100 strokes of the large stick (remitted on payment of ''24 guàn'' in copper cash)
* ''Liú'' ({{Zh|t=流|labels=no}}), [[exile]] to a remote location (such as [[Hainan]]) with return to one's place of birth being forbidden. There were three degrees of severity:<ref name=DaMingLu />
** 2000 ''[[Li (unit)|lĭ]]'' ({{Zh|t=里|labels=no}}) (1000km, 620 miles) plus 100 strokes of the large stick (remitted on payment of 30 ''guàn'' in copper cash)
** 2,500 ''lǐ'' (1250km, 775 miles) plus 100 strokes of the large stick (remitted on payment of 33 ''guàn'' in copper cash)
** 3,000 ''lǐ'' (1500km, 930 miles) plus 100 strokes of the large stick (remitted on payment of 36 ''guàn'' in copper cash)
* ''Sĭ'' ({{Zh|t=死|labels=no}}), [[capital punishment|death penalty]]. Following the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang dynasties]] there were generally two options: [[hanging]] ({{Zh|t=絞|p=jiǎo|labels=no}}) or [[decapitation]] ({{Zh|t=斬|p=zhǎn|labels=no}}). From the [[Song dynasty]] (970–1279 AD) onwards, [[Lingchi|slow slicing]] ({{Zh|t=凌遲|p=língchí|labels=no}}) along with beheading ({{Zh|t=梟首|p=xiāoshŏu|labels=no}}) were also used. The death penalty could be remitted on payment of 42 ''guàn'' in copper cash.<ref name=DaMingLu />

The scale of the remittance payments can be gauged from the fact that at the era of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1735–1796), the average wage of a construction laborer in [[Zhili]] (modern day [[Hebei]]) Province was 0.72 ''wén'' or 0.6 [[Troy weight|troy ounces]] of [[silver]] per day.<ref>Databases on Materials, Wages, and Transport Costs in Public Construction in the Qianlong Era</ref> It takes 160 years of wage from such a worker to pay for remittance of a death sentence.

The following punishments were applied to women for the same crimes as committed by men: {{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
* ''Xíngchōng'' ({{Zh|t=刑舂|labels=no}}), where the offender was forced to grind grain
* ''Zǎnxíng'' ({{Zh|t=拶刑|labels=no}}), also known as ({{Zh|t=拶指|p=zǎnzhĭ|labels=no}}), [[Zanzhi|squeezing of the fingers]] between sticks
* ''Zhàngxíng'' ({{Zh|t=杖刑|labels=no}}), beating with wooden staves
* ''Cìsǐ'' ({{Zh|t=賜死|labels=no}}), [[forced suicide]]
* ''Gōngxíng'' ({{Zh|t=宮刑|labels=no}}), sequestration or confinement to a room. Punishment for licentiousness or [[adultery]]. ''Gōngxing'' for women was applied for the same crimes as the ''gōng'' punishment for men.<ref name="Paul Rakita Goldin 2002 76"/>

==Xem thêm==
* [[Thuần Vu Đề Oanh]], cô gái đã thuyết phục [[Hán Vũ đế]] loại bỏ ngũ hình.

== Tham khảo ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Thể loại:Bộ luật]]
[[Thể loại:Lịch sử Trung Quốc]]