Xem mã nguồn của Machado de Assis

{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Machado de Assis
| image = Machado de Assis aos 57 anos.jpg
| imagesize = 219px
| caption = Machado de Assis vào khoảng 56 tuổi, c. 1896
| office = [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Viện sĩ đầu tiên của chair thứ 23 của Brazilian Academy of Letters]]
| term_start = 28 tháng 1 năm 1897
| term_end = 29 tháng 9 năm 1908
| predecessor = không có<br>[[José de Alencar]] (patron)
| successor = Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira
| office2 = [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Chủ tịch của Brazilian Academy of Letters]]
| term_start2 = 28 tháng 1 năm 1897
| term_end2 = 29 tháng 9 năm 1908
| predecessor2 = không có
| successor2 = [[Rui Barbosa]]
| birth_name = Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1839|6|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Vương quốc Brazil]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1908|9|29|1839|6|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[First Brazilian Republic|Brazil]]
| occupation = tiểu thuyết gia, nhà viết truyện ngắn, nhà thơ, phê bình văn học
| nationality = Brasil
| spouse = Carolina de Novais<br>{{small|(1869–1904; đến khi bà mất)}}
| blank1 = Thời kỳ
| data1 = 1864–1908
| blank2 = Trào lưu
| data2 = [[Chủ nghĩa lãng mạn]], [[Chủ nghĩa hiện thực]]
| blank3 = Influences
| data3 = {{List collapsed|title=See list|1=[[Luís de Camões|Camões]] {{small|•}} [[António Vieira|Vieira]] {{small|•}} [[Gregório de Mattos|Mattos]] {{small|•}} [[José de Alencar]] {{small|•}} [[Almeida Garrett]] {{small|•}} [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]] {{small|•}} [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]] {{small|•}} [[Victor Hugo]] {{small|•}} [[Edgar Allan Poe]] {{small|•}} [[François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)|La Rochefoucauld]] {{small|•}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] {{small|•}} [[Jonathan Swift]] {{small|•}} [[Laurence Sterne]] {{small|•}} [[Lucian of Samosata]] {{small|•}} [[Voltaire]] {{small|•}} [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] {{small|•}} [[Dante Alighieri]] {{small|•}} [[Miguel de Cervantes]]}}
| blank4 = Influenced
| data4 = {{List collapsed|title=See list|1=[[John Barth]] {{small|•}} [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]] {{small|•}} [[Cyro dos Anjos]] {{small|•}} [[Graciliano Ramos]] {{small|•}} [[Murilo Rubião]] {{small|•}} [[João Guimarães Rosa]] {{small|•}} [[Jorge Amado]] {{small|•}} [[Érico Verissimo]] {{small|•}} [[José Saramago]] {{small|•}} [[Rubem Braga]] {{small|•}} [[João Cabral de Melo Neto]] {{small|•}} [[Vinicius de Moraes]] {{small|•}} [[Mário de Andrade]] {{small|•}} [[Manuel Bandeira]] {{small|•}} [[Chico Buarque de Holanda]] {{small|•}} [[Jorge de Lima]] {{small|•}} [[Joaquim Nabuco]] {{small|•}} [[Gilberto Freire]] {{small|•}} [[Gustavo Corção]]}}
| blank5 = Other names
| data5 = Machado, "The Warlock from Cosme Velho"
| signature = Assinatura de Machado de Assis.gif|200px
}}

'''Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis''' ({{IPA|pt|ʒwɐˈkĩ mɐˈɾi.ɐ mɐˈʃadu dʒi ɐˈsis|lang}}), thường được biết bằng họ của ông là '''Machado de Assis''', ''Machado,'' hay ''Bruxo do [[Cosme Velho]]''<ref name="vainfas3">Vainfas, p. 505.</ref> (21 tháng 6 năm 1839 – 29 tháng 9 năm 1908), là một [[tiểu thuyết gia]], nhà thơ, [[nhà biên kịch]] và viết [[truyện ngắn]] người [[Brasil|Brazil]]. Mặc dù được xem như là nhà văn vĩ đại nhất của [[văn học Brazil]],<ref>[[Antonio Candido|Candido; Antonio]] (1970), ''Vários escritos.'' São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18.</ref><ref>Caldwell, Helen (1970), ''Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels.'' Berkeley, Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.</ref><ref>Fernandez, Oscar, "Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels", ''The Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (April 1971), pp. 255–256.</ref> cùng với [[João Guimarães Rosa]], ông không được biết đến nhiều ngoài Brazil trong cuộc đời của mình. Ông biết nhiều ngôn ngữ, tự học [[tiếng Pháp]], [[Anh]], [[Đức]] và [[Hy Lạp|Hi Lạp]]

==Tiểu sử==

===Sinh ra và thời niên thiếu===

===Các nghề nghiệp ban đầu và việc học===
[[Tập tin:Machado 25 anos.jpg|thumb|180px|Machado de Assis lúc 25 tuổi 1864.]]

==Kết hôn và gia đình==

==Văn học==
[[Tập tin:Machado de Assis by Marc Ferrez.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Machado de Assis khoảng độ 41 tuồi, bởi [[Marc Ferrez (photographer)|Marc Ferrez]], c. 1880.]]

===Những năm cuối đời===

==Phong cách tường thuật==

==Danh sách các tác phẩm==

* 1861 – ''Desencantos: Fantasia Dramática'' (theater)
* 1862 – ''Hoje Avental, Amanhã Luva'' (theater)
* 1863 – ''Teatro'' (''Theater'': ''O Protocolo'', or ''The Protocol''; ''O Caminho da Porta'', or ''The Way to the Door'')
* 1864 – ''Quase Ministro'' (theater)
* 1864 – ''Crisálidas'' (''Chrysalids''; poetry)
* 1866 – ''Os Deuses de Casaca'' (theater)
* 1870 – ''Falenas'' (''Phalaenae''; poetry)
* 1870 – ''[[Contos Fluminenses]]'' (''Tales from Rio''; collection of short stories)
* 1872 – ''[[Ressurreição]]'' (''Resurrection''; novel)
* 1873 – ''[[Histórias da Meia Noite]]'' (''Midnight Stories''; collection of short stories)
* 1874 – ''[[A Mão e a Luva]]'' (''The Hand and the Glove''; novel)
* 1875 – ''Americanas'' (poetry)
* 1876 – ''[[Helena (Machado de Assis novel)|Helena]]'' (''Helen''; novel)
* 1878 – ''[[Iaiá Garcia]]'' (''Mistress Garcia''; novel)
* 1881 – ''Tu, Só tu, Puro Amor'' (''O Thou, Pure Love''; theater)
* 1881 – ''[[Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas]]'' (''The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas'', also known in English as ''Epitaph of a Small Winner''; novel)
* 1881 – ''[[O Alienista]]'' (trans. ''The Psychiatrist'' and ''The Alienist''; novella serialized 1881–1882)
* 1882 – ''Papéis Avulsos'' (''Loose Papers''; collection of short stories, including "O Alienista")
* 1884 – ''Histórias sem Data'' (''Undated Stories''; collection of short stories)
* 1891 – ''[[Quincas Borba]]'' (also known in English as ''Philosopher or Dog?''; novel)
* 1896 – ''Várias Histórias'' (''Several Stories''; collection of short stories)
* 1899 – ''Páginas Recolhidas'' (''Collected Pages''; collection of short stories including ''[[The Case of the Stick]]'')
* 1899 – ''[[Dom Casmurro]]'' (''Lord Taciturn''; novel)
* 1901 – ''Poesias Completas'' (Complete poetry, including ''Ocidentais'')
* 1904 – ''[[Esaú e Jacó]]'' (''Esau and Jacob''; novel)
* 1906 – ''Relíquias da Casa Velha'' (''Relics of the Old House''; collection of short stories)
* 1908 – ''[[Memorial de Aires]]'' (''Counselor Aires's Memoirs''; novel)

'''Sau khi mất''' 
* 1910 – ''Teatro Coligido'' (Collected Plays, including ''Não Consultes Médico'' and ''Lição de Botânica'')
* 1910 – ''Crítica'' (''Critique''; criticism)
* 1914–1937 – ''A Semana'' (''The Week''; collection of articles, 3 vols.)
* 1921 – ''Outras Relíquias'' (''Another Relics''; collection of short stories)
* 1921 – ''Páginas Escolhidas'' (''Selected Pages''; collection of short stories'')
* 1932 – ''Novas Relíquias'' (''New Relics''; collection of short stories)
* 1937 – ''Crônicas'' (''Articles'')
* 1937 – ''Contos Fluminenses'' (''Tales from Rio''; second series)
* 1937 – ''Crítica Literária'' (''Literary Criticism'') 
* 1937 – ''Crítica Teatral'' (''Theater Criticism'')
* 1937 – ''Histórias Românticas'' (''Romantic Stories'')
* 1939 – ''Páginas Esquecidas'' (''Forgotten Pages'')
* 1944 – ''Casa Velha'' (''Old House'')
* 1956 – ''Diálogos e Reflexões de um Relojoeiro'' (''Dialogues and Reflections of a Watchmaker'')
* 1958 – ''Crônicas de Lélio'' (''Chronicles of Lelio''; collection of articles)

'''Dịch thuật'''
* 1861 – ''Queda que as Mulheres tem para os Tolos'', from the original ''l'Amour des Femmes pour les Sots'', by Victor Hénaux.
* 1865 – ''Suplício de uma Mulher,'' from the original ''Le Supplice d'une Femme,'' by [[Émile de Girardin]] và [[Alexandre Dumas, fils]].
* 1866 – ''Os Trabalhadores do Mar,'' from the original ''Les Travailleurs de la Mer,'' by [[Victor Hugo]].
* 1870 – ''Oliver Twist,'' from the original ''Oliver Twist, or the The Parish Boy's Progress'', by [[Charles Dickens]].<ref>Machado's translation originally appeared in serial form in the newspaper ''Jornal da Tarde'', from 24 April to ngày 23 tháng 8 năm 1870.</ref>

'''Collected works'''

There are several published "Complete Works" of Machado de Assis:

* 1920 – ''Obras Completas.'' Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Garnier (20 vols.)
* 1962 – ''Obras Completas''. Rio de Janeiro: W.M. Jackson (31 vols.)
* 1997 – ''Obras Completas.'' Rio de Janeiro: Editora Globo (31 vols.)
* 2006 – ''Obras Completas.'' Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar (3 vols.)

'''Các tác phẩm dịch tiếng Anh'''
* 1921 – [https://archive.org/stream/braziliantales00gold#page/2/mode/2up ''Brazilian Tales.''] Boston: The Four Seas Company (London: Dodo Press, 2007).
* 1952 – ''Epitaph of a Small Winner''. New York: Noonday Press (London: Hogarth Press, 1985; rep. as ''The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas: A Novel''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997; ''Epitaph of a Small Winner.'' New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008; UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008).
* 1953 – ''[[Dom Casmurro]]: A Novel''. New York: Noonday Press (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966; rep. as ''Dom Casmurro. Lord Taciturn''. London: Peter Owen, 1992; ''Dom Casmurro: A Novel''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
* 1954 – ''Philosopher or Dog?'' New York: Avon Books (rep. as ''The Heritage of Quincas Borba''. New York: W.H. Allen, 1957; New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1992; rep. as ''Quincas Borba: A Novel''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
* 1963 – ''The Psychiatrist, and Other Stories''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 1965 – ''Esau and Jacob.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 1970 – ''The Hand & the Glove''. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
* 1972 – ''Counselor Ayres' Memorial.'' Berkeley: University of California Press (rep. as ''The Wager: Aires' Journal''. London: Peter Owen, 1990; rep. as ''The Wager'', 2005).
* 1976 – ''Yayá Garcia: A Novel''. London: Peter Owen (rep. as ''Iaiá Garcia''. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1977).
* 1977 – ''The Devil's Church and Other Stories''. Austin: University of Texas Press (New York: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1987).
* 1984 – ''Helena: A Novel.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 2008 – ''A Chapter of Hats and Other Stories.'' London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
* 2012 – ''The Alienist.'' New York: Melville House Publishing.
* 2013 – Resurrection. Pennsylvania: Latin American Literary Review Press.
* 2013 – ''The Alienist and Other Stories of Nineteenth-century Brazil.'' Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
* 2014 – ''Ex Cathedra: Stories by Machado de Assis.'' Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.

==Danh hiệu==

===Danh hiệu===
* Member of the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]] (1896–1908).
* President of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (1897–1908).

===Vinh danh===
* Knight of the [[Order of the Rose]] (1867).
* Officer of the Order of the Rose (1888).

==Thư mục==

===Chú thích===
{{tham khảo|colwidth=25em}}

===Tham khảo===
* Bueno, Eduardo (2003). ''Brasil: Uma História''. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Ática. {{in lang|pt}}
* ''Encilopédia Barsa'' (1987). Volume 10: "Judô – Mercúrio". Rio de Janeiro: ''Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil''. {{in lang|pt}}
* Scarano, Júlia Maria Leonor (1969). ''Grandes Personagens da Nossa História''. São Paulo: Abril Cultural. {{in lang|pt}}
* Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. {{in lang|pt}}

===Tham khảo thêm===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Abreu, Modesto de (1939). ''Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Norte.
* [[Mário de Andrade|Andrade, Mário]] (1943). ''Aspectos da Literatura Brasileira.'' Rio de Janeiro: Americ. Ed.
* [[Graça Aranha|Aranha, Graça]] (1923). ''Machado de Assis e Joaquim Nabuco: Comentários e Notas à Correspondência.'' São Paulo: Monteiro Lobato.
* Barreto Filho (1947). ''Introdução a Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Agir.
* Bettencourt Machado, José (1962). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4379021;view=1up;seq=9 ''Machado of Brazil, the Life and Times of Machado de Assis, Brazil's Greatest Novelist.''] New York: Charles Frank Publications.
* [[Alfredo Bosi|Bosi, Alfredo.]] (Organizador) ''Machado de Assis.'' São Paulo: Editora Atica, 1982.
* Bosi, Alfredo (2000). ''Machado de Assis: O Enigma do Olhar.'' São Paulo: Ática.
* Broca, Brito (1957). ''Machado de Assis e a Política.'' Rio de Janeiro: Organização Simões Editora.
* [[Sidney Chalhoub|Chalhoub, Sidney]] (2003). ''Machado de Assis, Historiador.'' São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
• Cheney, et al. (editors) (2014) "Ex Cathedra: Stories by Machado de Assis--Bilingual Edition." Hanover, CT:New London Librarium ISBN 978-0985628482
* Corção, Gustavo (1956). ''Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Agir.
* Coutinho, Afrânio (1959). ''A Filosofia de Machado de Assis e Outros Ensaios.'' Rio de Janeiro: São José. 
* Daniel, G. Reginald (2012). ''Machado de Assis: Multiracial Identity and the Brazilian Novelist''. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.
* Dantas, Júlio (1940). ''Machado de Assis.'' Lisboa: Academia das Ciências. 
* Dixon, Paul B. (1989). ''Retired Dreams: Dom Casmurro, Myth and Modernity.'' West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. 
* [[Raymundo Faoro|Faoro, Raimundo]] (1974). ''Machado de Assis: Pirâmide e o Trapézio.'' São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional.
* Fitz, Earl E. (1989). ''Machado de Assis.'' Boston: Twayne Publishers. 
* [[John Gledson|Gledson, John]] (1984). ''The Deceptive Realism of Machado de Assis.'' Liverpool: Francis Cairns.
* [[John Gledson|Gledson, John]] (1986). ''Machado de Assis: Ficção e História.'' Rio de Janeiro: Paz & Terra.
* Goldberg, Isaac (1922). [https://archive.org/stream/brazilianliterat00golduoft#page/142/mode/2up "Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis."] In: ''Brazilian Literature''. New York: Alfred A. Knoff, pp.&nbsp;142–164.
* Gomes, Eugênio (1976). ''Influências Inglesas em Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Pallas; Brasília: INL.
* Graham, Richard (ed.). ''Machado de Assis: Reflections on a Brazilian Master Writer''. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1999.
* Lima, Alceu Amoroso (1941). ''Três Ensaios sobre Machado de Assis.'' Belo Horizonte: Paulo & Bruhm.
* Magalhães Jr, Raimundo (1981). ''Vida e Obra de Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro/Brasília: Civilização Brasileira/INL.
* Maia Neto, José Raimundo (1984). ''Machado de Assis, the Brazilian Pyrrhonian.'' West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press.
* Massa, Jean-Michel (1971). ''A Juventude de Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
* Merquior, José Guilherme (1971). "Machado de Assis e a Prosa Impressionista." In: ''De Anchieta a Euclides; Breve História da Literatura Brasileira''. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, pp.&nbsp;150–201. 
* Meyer, Augusto (1935). ''Machado de Assis.'' Porto Alegre: Globo.
* Meyer, Augusto (1958). ''Machado de Assis 1935–1958.'' Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José.
* Montello, Jesué (1998). ''Os Inimigos de Machado de Assis.'' Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira.
* Nunes, Maria Luisa (1983). ''The Craft of an Absolute Winner: Characterization and Narratology in the Novels of Machado de Assis.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
* [[José Paulo Paes|Paes, José Paulo.]] (1985). ''Gregos e Baianos: Ensaios.'' São Paulo: Brasiliense.
* Pereira, Astrogildo (1944). ''Interpretação.'' Rio de Janeiro: Casa do Estudante do Brasil.
* Miguel-Pereira, Lúcia (1936). ''Machado de Assis: Estudo Critíco e Biográfico.'' São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional.
* [[Roberto Schwarz|Schwarz, Roberto]] (2000). ''Ao Vencedor as Batatas.'' São Paulo: Duas Cidades/Editora34.
* Schwarz, Roberto (1997). ''Duas Meninas.'' São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
* Schwarz, Roberto (1990). ''Um Mestre na Periferia do Capitalismo.'' São Paulo: Duas Cidades. Trans. as ''A Master on the Periphery of Capitalism''. Trans. and intro. John Gledson. Durham: Duke UP, 2001.
* Taylor, David (2002). "Wry Modernist of Brazil's Past." ''Américas'', Nov.-Dec., issue. Washington, DC.
* [[José Veríssimo|Veríssimo, José]] (1916). ''História da Literatura Brasileira.'' Rio de Janeiro: Livrarias Aillaud & Bertrand.
{{Refend}}

==Liên kết ngoài==
{{Portal|Literature|Education|Biography|Latin America|Brazil}}
{{Commons+cat|Machado de Assis|Machado_de_Assis}}
{{wikiquote|Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis}}
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.brasiliana.usp.br/bbd/search?fq=dc.contributor.author:%22Assis,+Machado+de,+1839-1908%22 Machado de Assis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055321/http://www.brasiliana.usp.br/bbd/search?fq=dc.contributor.author:%22Assis,+Machado+de,+1839-1908%22 |date=2016-03-04 }} at Brasialiana, [[University of São Paulo]] (digitalized first editions of all the books in PDF)
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://portal.mec.gov.br/machado/ Complete Works of Machado de Assis – Brazilian Ministry of Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003120743/http://portal.mec.gov.br/machado/ |date=2009-10-03 }}
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://metalibri.wikidot.com/authors:joaquim-maria-machado-de-assis MetaLibri Digital Library]
** ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:contos-fluminenses Contos Fluminenses]''
** ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:dom-casmurro Dom Casmurro]''
** ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:memorias-postumas-de-bras-cubas Memórias Póstumas de Bras Cubas]''
** ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:quincas-borba Quincas Borba]''
* {{Books and Writers |id=machado |name=Machado de Assis}}
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.olivro.com/machado/ Machado de Assis a literary biography.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206230957/http://www.olivro.com/machado/ |date=2012-02-06 }}
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.bibvirt.futuro.usp.br/index.php Books of Machado de Assis in Biblioteca Virtual do Estudante de Língua Portuguesa.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029153456/http://www.bibvirt.futuro.usp.br/index.php |date=ngày 29 tháng 10 năm 2005 }}
* [http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/biblioteca/LViana/manu.htm ''Manuscrito de Machado de Assis'' – Handwritten pieces]
* [http://www.machadodeassis.org.br/ Espaço Machado de Assis]
* João Cezar de Castro Rocha, [http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf "Introduction: Machado de Assis, the Location of an Author"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625042658/http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf |date=ngày 25 tháng 6 năm 2008 }}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Assis,+Machado+de | name=Machado de Assis}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Machado de Assis}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2728}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Thể loại:Sinh năm 1839]]
[[Thể loại:Mất năm 1908]]
[[Thể loại:Tiểu thuyết gia thế kỷ 20]]
[[Thể loại:Người Rio de Janeiro]]
[[Thể loại:Nam tiểu thuyết gia]]