Đảng Tự do Úc
Đảng Tự do Úc (tiếng Anh: Liberal Party of Australia) là một chính đảng lớn của Úc. Đảng Tự do thành lập sau cuộc bầu cử liên bang năm 1943, thay thế Đảng Thống nhất Úc đứng vào thế đối lập với Đảng Lao động Úc trong các cuộc tranh cử chính quyền. Đảng Tự do phối hợp cùng Đảng Quốc gia Úc tạo khối Liên đảng Úc. Liên đảng hiện nay là khối đối lập của chính quyền mọi cấp, từ liên bang đến tiểu bang.
Sau khi thất cử nặng nề ngày 24 tháng 11 năm 2007, John Howard từ chức lãnh tụ Đảng Tự do. Nhiều đại biểu của đảng này cũng bị thất nhiệm. Cựu phó lãnh tụ là Peter Costello quyết định rút tên, không lên thế chức lãnh tụ. Malcolm Turnbull và Brendan Nelson tranh giành chức vụ này vào ngày 29 tháng 11. Brendan Nelson được đề cử làm lãnh tụ mới với 45 phiếu (Malcolm Turnbull 42 phiếu).
Đảng Tự do lâm vào tình thế khủng hoảng sau đại bại trong cuộc bầu cử Liên bang Úc năm 2007. Brendan Nelson ra sức củng cố hàng ngũ của Đảng nhưng dần dần mất tín nhiệm. Ngày 16 tháng 9 năm 2008, Malcolm Turnbull lên thay Brendan Nelson làm lãnh tụ Đảng Tự Do.
Lịch sử
Hệ tư tưởng
Danh sách lãnh đạo
| Năm | Tên | Chân dung | Nhiệm kỳ Thủ tướng Úc |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1945 | Robert Menzies | 1949–66 | |
| 1966 | Harold Holt | 1966–67 | |
| 1968 | John Gorton | 1968–71 | |
| 1971 | William McMahon | 1971–72 | |
| 1972 | Billy Snedden | không khung | |
| 1975 | Malcolm Fraser | không khung | 1975–83 |
| 1983 | Andrew Peacock | không khung | |
| 1985 | John Howard | không khung | |
| 1989 | Andrew Peacock | không khung | |
| 1990 | John Hewson | không khung | |
| 1994 | Alexander Downer | không khung | |
| 1995 | John Howard | không khung | 1996–2007 |
| 2007 | Brendan Nelson | không khung | |
| 2008 | Malcolm Turnbull | không khung | |
| 2010 | Tony Abbott | không khung | 2013–2015 |
| 2015 | Malcolm Turnbull | không khung | 2015–2018 |
| 2018 | Scott Morrison | không khung | 2018–2022 |
Ghi chú
- ^ The position of "Deputy Leader in the House of Representatives" is held by Hastie. As Hume is a member of the Senate, it was necessary to elect a House-only deputy for procedural reasons.
- ^ Menzies is the party's most prominent co-founder, having been the party's first and longest serving leader. Furthermore, he is often cited as the "founder"[1] or "father" of the party.[2][3]
- ^ The Liberal Party acknowledges the party's formation date to be 13 October 1944,[4] which was the first day of a three-day meeting called the "Conference of Representatives of Non-Labour Organisations" in Canberra.[5][6][7] The name and objectives were adopted at the conference, with the party constitution and organisation being decided two months later at the Albury Conference (15–16 December 1944). The only other date that has been cited for the founding of the party is 31 August 1945.
- ^ The Country Liberal Party was formed as a merger of the Northern Territory branches of the Country Party (today the National Party) and the Liberal Party. It mainly functions at the territory-level.
- ^ The Liberal National Party of Queensland was formed as a merger of the Queensland branch of the Liberal Party and the National Party. It mainly functions at the state-level.
- ^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ
<ref>không hợp lệ; không có nội dung trong ref có tênLP - ^ Including the 2 LNP Senators and 1 CLP Senator who sit in the Liberal party room.
Tham khảo
- ^ Brandis, George (ngày 24 tháng 10 năm 2022). "Taking liberties with Menzies' politics betrays his life and legacy". The Sydney Morning Herald. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 15 tháng 11 năm 2022. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2023.
One of the most important differences between the Liberal Party and the Labor Party is a historical one. Labor traces its roots to the trade union movement of the late 19th century; it does not point to any one great figure as its founder. The Liberal Party, by contrast, is unquestionably the creation of a single man, Robert Menzies – its founder and longest-serving leader and Australia's longest-serving prime minister. Both sides of politics acknowledge this: Paul Keating, in a savage speech, once spoke of his desire "to destroy Menzies' creation".
- ^ Hutchens, Gareth (ngày 3 tháng 10 năm 2021). "Robert Menzies wouldn't recognise the Liberal Party's employment policies today". ABC News. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2023. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2023.
It's why the "father" of the Liberal Party, Robert Menzies, would hardly recognise his party's economic policies today.
- ^ Walker, Tony (ngày 28 tháng 8 năm 2018). "Malcolm Fraser's political manifesto would make good reading for the Morrison government". The Conversation. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2023. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2023.
Menzies' "forgotten people" were defined as those caught between a union-dominated Labor Party and a conservative establishment. What the father of the Liberal Party had in mind was the artisan and small business class, broadly defined.
- ^ "Our History". liberal.org.au. Liberal Party of Australia. ngày 12 tháng 6 năm 2013. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2022. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2022.
- ^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ
<ref>không hợp lệ; không có nội dung trong ref có tênForming the Liberal Party of Australia-1944 - ^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ
<ref>không hợp lệ; không có nội dung trong ref có tênParty History - ^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ
<ref>không hợp lệ; không có nội dung trong ref có tênIan Hancock - ^ "Our Structure". Liberal Party of Australia (bằng tiếng Anh). ngày 12 tháng 6 năm 2013. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 18 tháng 5 năm 2019. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 2 năm 2023.
- ^ Davies, Anne (ngày 13 tháng 12 năm 2020). "Party hardly: why Australia's big political parties are struggling to compete with grassroots campaigns". The Guardian (bằng tiếng Anh). Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 22 tháng 7 năm 2022. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 3 năm 2021.
- ^
- The Australian Liberal Party Volume 1: Ideas, History and Organisation (ấn bản thứ 1). Routledge. ngày 16 tháng 6 năm 2026. tr. 224. ISBN 9781041050940.
- "Libs have no future in economic and cultural populism". Australian Financial Review. ngày 5 tháng 10 năm 2025.
instead of focusing on the issues of responsible economic management that have been a traditional strength, sections of the Liberal Party believe its future lies in embracing economic and cultural populism, which is unlikely to appeal beyond a narrow base of hardcore supporters. This would double down on Peter Dutton's decision to flirt with a Trumpian tinged election platform, which contributed to the Coalition's catastrophic defeat in May. Nevertheless, the hope is that the populist wave that re-elected Donald Trump in America, and which has Nigel Farage's Reform Party ahead in the polls in Britain, will eventually land on these shores too. Pinning the Liberal Party's future on this strategy not only ignores the lessons of the election. It also bypasses factors such as Australia's compulsory voting system and strong border protection policies, which means the political environment is different here, with less scope for populism to gain traction compared to in the US and UK.
- Massola, James (ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 2025). "Liberal Party factions: The split in the Right that is reshaping the political landscape". The Age. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 2 năm 2026.
in the five months since the last election, a new group of conservative MPs within the National Right faction, with a distinctly Trumpian-populist flavour, has emerged to challenge accepted Liberal dogma. Its members are determined to speak out, and are not afraid of using incendiary language. [...] While you could not say there are now two conservative or Right factions in the Liberal Party, there is a generational struggle between the old guard and new right over economic policy (Liberal orthodoxy versus government intervention in markets), pragmatism versus populism, and support for globalisation versus an Australia-first approach. The new right is generally younger, less doctrinaire, more open to market intervention by government (such as Hastie's call for a return to advanced manufacturing in Australia and energy security), focused on cutting immigration levels and determined to fight and win culture wars against the "woke" establishment. The rhetoric is decidedly Trumpian, or perhaps owes as big a debt to Nigel Farage from Britain's Reform UK party. New right Liberals believe that, given time and space to explain their message, it will resonate with ordinary Australians who mostly don't like Trump, but are receptive to messages about restoring manufacturing, clamping down on immigration and national pride.
- Kenny, Mark (ngày 11 tháng 7 năm 2024). "From broad church to narrow cult: Peter Dutton's 'Hansonisation' of the Liberal Party". Crikey. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 2 năm 2026.
The Liberal Party's broad church is that in name only, as a succession of leaders, not least Abbott himself, shifted the party to the right and so-called moderates became a hunted species. As a hyper-aggressive prime minister, Abbott would smash progress on climate, continue to champion school chaplains, back religious discrimination exemptions, and scheme assiduously against social reforms like marriage equality. [...] The longer-term historic significance of the 2022 repudiation of the Morrison government, which saw the teals elected alongside a Labor majority, has arguably been under-appreciated. Moreover, the most declaratively conservative leader in the party's history, Peter Dutton, has made no steps towards the political centre ground. Rather, he has opted for "Hansonisation", valorising his party's reorientation away from the wealthy elites in the inner cities towards Labor's traditional blue-collar base in the suburbs and regions. When asked at his first press conference as leader of the opposition about what he would do to regain the lost Liberal heartland, Dutton conspicuously offered no paean to the two wings of the party, nor any validation of the disaffection felt by traditional Liberal voters in affluent metropolitan electorates.
- Ford, Jolyon (ngày 23 tháng 4 năm 2025). "Populism and international law: the Morrison years in Australia". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 79: 423-448. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 2 năm 2026.
The New York Times attributed Morrison's 2019 election to a populist approach appealing to a 'silent majority' of Australians, analogous to those British and American voters attracted to the Brexit campaign and Trump's first presidential campaign (NYT Editorial 2019). Various scholars have described Morrison's electioneering and premiership as populist (Moore 2022; Phillips and Murray 2023) or have argued that populism at least 'played some role' in his election (McDougall 2019, 499; Johnson 2020). 'Populist' is a label with sometimes limited analytical value-add and on which caution is required (Ford, 2024). What working conception of 'populism', then, suffices for our purposes? These purposes are limited to exploring how Morrison's 'anti-globalist' approach matches up to the assumptions posited by the 'populism + international law' literature.
- ^
- Pimenta, David (ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2023). "Two sides of the same 'West': the radical right wing in Australia and Portugal". European Political Science Review. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 2 năm 2026.
Today's most prominent Australian and Portuguese radical right-wing figures and parties originated in the political centre right. Hanson came from the Liberal party; Ventura started his political career at the social democratic PSD, which incubated the Chega movement before it became a party. Radical right-wing politics, with ethnonationalism (or nativism) at its core, is, of course, the stock in trade of parties like One Nation and Chega. But we see it, too, in the parties of the centre right. Indeed, after One Nation's early success in the 1990s, the Australian Liberals felt impelled to take a turn further to the political right. Ethnonationalism is not limited to radical right-wing parties; two former Liberal Australian Prime Ministers adopted stances typical of Western radical right-wing leaders. John Howard's Pacific Solution aimed to transport asylum seekers to detention centres on a Pacific island. Tony Abbott became a leading member of The Ramsay Centre; a notorious foundation, ostensibly dedicated to the study of Western civilisation, that in fact – according to Henry Maher, Eda Gunaydin and Jordan McSwiney – perpetuates a white supremacist ideology.
- Newling, Nick (ngày 26 tháng 9 năm 2025). "'It's not your party,' senior Liberal figure tells Andrew Hastie". Sydney Morning Herald. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 2 năm 2026.
A former Liberal minister has told frontbencher Andrew Hastie to back off from his public crusade to turn the party towards nationalist positions on everything from manufacturing to the Australian flag.
- Piper, Hugh (ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 2025). "The Liberal Party's coming foreign policy split". Lowy Institute. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 2 năm 2026.
Trade and domestic manufacturing have now also become bellwethers. Hastie recently called for a revival of Australia's automotive industry, consistent with his penchant for economic nationalism focused on boosting industrial capacity and energy security. This is a long way from the neoliberal orthodoxy of previous Coalition governments who have championed free trade and discontinued subsidies for onshore car production. [...] While all sides of the Liberal Party are strong supporters of the US alliance and AUKUS, some conservatives have embraced Trump-like rhetoric and MAGA-style populism. While reluctant to say it out loud, moderates are more likely to have reservations about the political direction of the US under Trump. Individually, Hastie has staked out an interesting position, calling both for greater transparency in the alliance and warning against Australia being dependent on either the US or China for artificial intelligence. Taken together, these stances portray two very different futures for the Liberal Party's foreign policy. One is premised on openness and diplomacy; the other on prizing sovereignty and prioritising defence and security. Australia's system of compulsory and preferential voting also means that elections tend to be won in the centre. Though appeals to economic and cultural nationalism under a MAGA-lite platform might motivate conservative party members and draw first preferences from far-right parties, they are unlikely to resonate with centrist swing voters.
- Levey, Geoffrey Brahm (ngày 12 tháng 7 năm 2019). Australia's "Liberal Nationalist" Multiculturalism. University of California Press. ISBN 0520299329. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 2 năm 2026.
As prime minister, Abbott lost some of his previous enthusiasm for multiculturalism even as a conservative strategy. He reprised the Howard government's removal of multicultural affairs from ministerial responsibility, downgrading the portfolio to a parliamentary secretary assisting the minister for social services. Also scratched were the National Anti-Racism Strategy and grants programs. The new parliamentary secretary for multicultural Affairs, Senator Concetta Fierravanti- Wells—herself the daughter of Italian migrants—promoted multiculturalism as a form of assimilation, explaining: "We become Australians and we assimilate at different paces. It's a process, really." Reflecting the conflicting inclinations within the government, Fierravanti-Wells' Department of Social Services (then home to Multicultural Affairs) was meanwhile promoting an architectonic vision of multi-culturalism. On its web page, it advocated a "Better Australia" in which "changes to organisations and structures . . . will result in a lasting capacity to respond to cultural diversity without the need for on-going external or additional support." Abbott's and Fierravanti-Wells' support for multiculturalism sprang from a similar cultural nationalist outlook, the belief that the core culture and institutions of the country should remain proudly Anglo-Australian in character.
- Pimenta, David (ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2023). "Two sides of the same 'West': the radical right wing in Australia and Portugal". European Political Science Review. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 2 năm 2026.
- ^ Ferguson, Richard (ngày 14 tháng 4 năm 2021). "Liberals' flag fiasco". The Australian. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2022. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2022.
- ^ Wilkinson, Jamie (ngày 27 tháng 6 năm 2016). "A short history of political party branding – Liberals". news.canningspurple.com.au. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 13 tháng 1 năm 2023. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 1 năm 2023.